Vaccines and Immunization

When a Vaccine is injected into the body is called as Vaccination. The reaction of the body after administration of vaccine is Immunization. The vaccine stimulates the immune system, recognizes the diseases, protects the body from infection and prevents the spread of diseases to others. Actually, the Vaccination and Immunization meanings are not same but they are often used interchangeably.

Human Vaccines-Infectious and Non Infectious

Human vaccines are used for infectious diseases in order to increase the immunization rate in host organism and helps in preventing the disease from the population. Shingles vaccines are used for eradicating the painful skin rash. There are many immunization schedules regarding preventing infectious diseases in infants and adults. DNA vaccines are used to treat non infectious diseases like allergy and cancer.

Vaccination for pregnant women

Vaccines protect both pregnant women and their baby from vaccine preventable diseases. Killed viruses vaccines can be given during pregnancy. Live viruses vaccines are not preferred for pregnant women. Mainly the pregnant women need to get vaccinated against the flu and whooping cough. In case of travelling abroad recommended vaccines are Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B vaccines. Some of the vaccines which is not preferred during pregnancy are Chickenpox (Varicella) vaccine, Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and Shingles (Varicella-zoster) vaccine.

HIV Vaccines

Vaccine teaches the body’s immune system to recognize and defend against harmful bacteria or viruses. Vaccines given before infected are known as preventive vaccines. Examples of preventive vaccines are such as polio, chicken pox, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, hepatitis A and B, HPV. Actually vaccine does not exist for HIV but scientists are working to develop vaccine for HIV/AIDS. Vaccine for HIV can be either preventive or therapeutic.

Diabetes Vaccines

Diabetes Vaccines endeavor to prevent the T cells from attacking the body’s very own cells since because Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The regular maintenance of Vaccines is especially significant for individuals with diabetes, as they are at an expanded hazard for medical issues and complications from vaccine-preventable diseases. Majorly, there are five vaccines for people with Diabetes such as Influenza vaccine, Tdap vaccine, Zoster vaccine, Pneumococcal vaccine and Hepatitis B vaccine.

Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Technologies

A vaccine made from dead or weakened germs contains natural adjuvants and help the body to produce a strong protective immune response. Due to adjuvants vaccines work effectively. Nowadays, vaccines contain small components of germs such as their proteins instead of entire bacteria or virus. From 1930s aluminum gels or aluminum salts are used as ingredients in vaccines. Due to addition of small amount of aluminums in vaccines, body builds stronger immunity against germs.

Vaccines for Immune mediated Disease

Patients with safe immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID), for example, RA, IBD or psoriasis, are at expanded danger of contamination, in part as a result of the disease itself, however for the most part in view of treatment with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive medications. Regardless of their raised hazard for antibody preventable disease, immunization inclusion in IMID patients is shockingly low. Notwithstanding their raised hazard for antibody preventable ailment, inoculation inclusion in IMID patients is shockingly low. Clinical proof shows that inoculation of IMID patients doesn't build clinical or research facility parameters of illness action. Live antibodies are contraindicated in immunosuppressed people, yet non-live immunizations can securely be given.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a method that involves in hindering or enhancing of the immune system. Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment and it is also called as biologic therapy. It is a type of treatment that uses substances made from living organisms to treat cancer. Types of immunotherapy used to treat cancer are such as Immune checkpoint inhibitors, T-cell transfer therapy, Monoclonal antibodies and Immune system modulators. Immunotherapy can be administered via Intravenous, Oral, Topical and Intravesical.

Veterinary Vaccines

Veterinary vaccines are most powerful tools in keeping animals healthy and also protecting public health. Examples of such type of vaccines are rabies vaccines and rinderpest vaccines. In spite of human vaccines, animal vaccines can be developed and licensed quickly. Veterinary vaccines increase safe food supplies and preventing animal to human transmission of infectious diseases. To improve new advancements and technologies in veterinary vaccines there should be continuous interaction between animal and human researchers and health professionals.

Travel Immunization

While travelling, getting vaccinated will keep you safe and healthy. Travelling to some countries require proof of vaccination for certain diseases like yellow fever or polio. In case of pregnant women, additional vaccines are needed to protect from ongoing illness or weakened immune system. It is required to get vaccinated at least 4-6 weeks before you travel.

Vaccines Preclinical and Clinical Trials

Vaccines are biological pharmaceutical products which are used for prevention of hypothetical infection. Development of new vaccine involves several stages of long process. Safety of vaccines is important in all developmental phases. Preclinical trial is completed in lab measures and on animals. Clinical trial is at which the antibody is tried in people. It covers four phases of clinical trials from phase I to phase IV.

Immunization and Bioterrorism

Bioterrorism is a biological attack which intentionally releases viruses, bacteria or other germs that can kill or sicken people, livestock or crops. With bioterrorism diseases like measles, influenza, avian flu, smallpox, plague and hemorrhagic fevers have the possibility of transmission of disease from one person to another. The utilization of successful immunizations would prone to ensure lives and limit disease spread in a biological weapons emergency.

Vaccines for Unconventional Diseases

At the point when antibodies are referenced the vast majority consider vaccination against childhood infectious diseases. Be that as it may, as of late the utilizations to which antibodies are being put have drastically extended past conventional irresistible sickness applications. Antibodies right now in preclinical and clinical improvement target avoidance or treatment of a wide scope of non-irresistible infections including malignant growth, hypersensitivity, asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid joint pain, lupus, hypertension, coronary illness, corpulence, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s disease and even nicotine and cocaine addiction.

Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases

If immune system mistakenly attacks your own body then it is called as autoimmune disease. Generally, the immune system protects body against bacteria and viruses. But in an autoimmune disease, the immune system releases autoantibodies that attack healthy cells in body. The most common autoimmune diseases are Rheumatoid arthritis, Psoriasis, Psoriatic arthritis, lupus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Guillain Barre Syndrome, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Myasthenia gravis and Vasculitis.

Nanotechnology in Vaccine Delivery System

Vaccination plays a major role in controlling the infectious diseases. Nowadays, attention has been directed towards using nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for vaccines. The vaccine is either encapsulated within or onto the surface of nanoparticles. Due to their size, stability and degradation rate nanoparticles have been proved efficient.

Adaptive immune system

The adaptive immune system composed of highly specialized and systemic cells. It eliminates pathogens or prevents their growth. It is also known as Acquired immune system and specific immune system. The major functions of Acquired immunity are recognition of specific antigens, generating response and development of immunological memory.

Pediatric Vaccination

Pediatric Vaccination protects your child from savage sickness and also keeps other children safe by reducing serious illness that used to spread from child to child. Some of the recommended Pediatric Vaccines from birth to age 18 are DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis), Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Haemophilus Influenza Type b, Human Papillomavirus, Flu, Polio, MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella), Meningococcal, Pneumococcal, Rotavirus and Chickenpox.

Haematopoietic, Lymphoid Malignancies and Immune System Development

Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Malignancies are the tumors which affect the blood, bone marrow, lymph and lymphatic system. Since these tissues are connected through both the circulatory system and the immune system, if one tissue is affected and it will affect the other tissue also and it leads to myeloproliferation and lymphoproliferation. Our immune system protects people against germs and microbes. The essential lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus. These are the locales at which haematopoiesis happens and immature lymphocytes develop, create and separate.

Immunogenetics

Immunogenetics is a branch of immunology concerned with the study of the genetic basis of the immune response. It deals with the interrelations of heredity, illness and the immune system with respect to the manner by which the hereditary data required to create the decent variety of antibodies required by the immune system which is stored in the genome, transmitted from one generation to the next and expressed in the organism.

How deadly is the Coronavirus?

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause sickness from normal virus to serious ailments such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). An epic coronavirus (nCoV) is another strain that has not been recently recognized in people. Coronaviruses are zoonotic which means they are transmitted from animals to people. Common symptoms are respiratory side effects, fever, cough, brevity of breath and breathing challenges. In severe cases, it leads to pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even it leads to death. Standard proposals to forestall contamination spread include hand washing, covering mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing, completely cooking meat and eggs.

Track 1: Different types of COVID-19 vaccines

There are three main approaches to designing a vaccine. Their differences lie in whether they use a whole virus or bacterium; just the parts of the germ that triggers the immune system; or just the genetic material that provides the instructions for making specific proteins and not the whole virus.

• Inactivated vaccine
• Live-attenuated vaccine
• Viral vector vaccine

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 2: Benefits of getting a COVID-19 vaccine

Feeling some anxiety about receiving any new vaccine is understandable. However, while the COVID-19 vaccine was created and approved more quickly than the average vaccine, safety and testing precautions were not sacrificed to achieve effective results. COVID-19 is a highly infectious and, in some cases, highly dangerous disease. Some populations, including the elderly and persons with underlying medical conditions (i.e., comorbidities) are at greater risk for severe symptoms and even death. Natural immunity combined with vaccine-induced immunity appears to be the most effective means of safeguarding against COVID-19.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 3: Coronavirus (Covid 19) and Next-Generation Vaccines

Three new, highly transmissible variants of Covid-19 have been front and center of the news agenda in 2021. The emergence of these variants has created concern that the vaccines authorized for Covid-19 may not be the way out of the pandemic the world hoped. Fortunately, next-generation vaccines are coming through the pipeline, which has been designed with potential Covid-19 mutations and variants specifically in mind. Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses known to cause respiratory tract infections in humans and other animals. Although all viruses mutate while replicating and infecting host cells, RNA viruses are particularly unstable, meaning they are more prone to mutation during replication.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 4: Emerging and Infectious Diseases

Emerging infectious diseases are infections that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing or threatens to increase soon. Emerging infections can be caused by:

• Previously undetected or unknown infectious agents
• Known agents that have spread to new geographic locations or new populations
• Previously known agents whose role in specific diseases has previously gone unrecognized.
• Re-emergence of agents whose incidence of disease had significantly declined in the past, but whose incidence of the disease has reappeared. This class of diseases is known as re-emerging infectious diseases.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 5: Immunization and Bioprocessing

Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body's own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. New bioprocess technologies such as single-use equipment and process automation open up novel possibilities for quality control and validation. This is especially important in GMP-regulated environments such as in the development and manufacturing of new influence vaccines. When facing a pandemic outbreak, the need to smoothly develop new processes and quickly scale up to clinical production volumes is key to efficiently develop new vaccinations.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 6: Human Vaccines-Infectious and Non-Infectious

A vaccine is an inactivated form of bacteria or virus that is injected into the body to simulate an actual infection. Because the injected microorganisms are dead, they don't cause a person to become sick. Instead, vaccines stimulate an immune response by the body that will fight off that type of illness. It covers infectious disease targets and non-infectious disease targets. Generating vaccine-mediated protection is a complex challenge. Currently available vaccines have largely been developed empirically, with little or no understanding of how they activate the immune system. Their early protective efficacy is primarily conferred by the induction of antigen-specific antibodies. However, there is more to antibody-mediated protection than the peak of vaccine-induced antibody titers.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 7: Live Attenuated and Inactivated Vaccines

Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease. Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response. Just 1 or 2 doses of most live vaccines can give you a lifetime of protection against a germ and the disease it causes.

Live vaccines are used to protect against:

• Measles, mumps, rubella
• Rotavirus
• Smallpox
• Chickenpox
• Yellow fever

Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease. Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity (protection) that’s as strong as live vaccines. So you may need several doses over time (booster shots) to get ongoing immunity against diseases.

Inactivated vaccines are used to protect against:

• Hepatitis A
• Flu (shot only)
• Polio (shot only)
• Rabies

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 8: Subunit/Conjugate and Toxoid Vaccines

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use specific pieces of the germ—like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ). Because these vaccines use only specific pieces of the germ, they give a very strong immune response that’s targeted to key parts of the germ. They can also be used on almost everyone who needs them, including people with weakened immune systems and long-term health problems. Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease. They create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause disease instead of the germ itself. That means the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ.

Like some other types of vaccines, you may need booster shots to get ongoing protection against diseases.

Toxoid vaccines are used to protect against:

• Diphtheria
• Tetanus

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 9: Viral Vaccines and Bacterial Vaccines

Vaccines that are developed from viruses are viral. Viral vaccines contain either inactivated viruses or attenuated viruses. One of the most common examples of viral vaccine is MMR (mumps, measles, and rubella) vaccine. Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses, which have lost their ability to replicate and in turn cause disease. Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria that activate the immune system. Antibodies are built against that particular bacteria and prevent bacterial infection later. An example of a bacterial vaccine is the Tuberculosis vaccine.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 10: Influenza and Respiratory Vaccines

Influenza is an acute respiratory illness that affects the upper and/or lower respiratory tract and is caused by the influenza virus, usually of type A or B. Influenza circulates continuously, causing seasonal epidemics in temperate regions and year-round epidemics in some tropical regions. Influenza viruses are continuously changing, necessitating an annual change in vaccine strains to better match with currently circulating influenza strains globally.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 11: HIV Vaccines

HIV vaccine development is complex. First attempts to develop a vaccine against HIV in the late 1980s were based on eliciting an antibody response, which is how most vaccines are thought to work. However, because HIV mutates rapidly, and its outer spike protein conceals itself from the immune system, creating the appropriate viral antigens to use in a vaccine proved remarkably difficult, and the approach was abandoned.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 12: Veterinary Vaccines and Animal Health

Veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major role in protecting animal health and public health, reducing animal suffering, enabling efficient production of food animals to feed the burgeoning human population, and greatly reducing the need for antibiotics to treat food and companion animals. Vaccination has long been an effective way to reduce disease burden in pets and farm animals and is a key tool in maintaining animal health and welfare. Vaccines continue to play an increasingly vital role in preventative health and disease control programs in animals. Innovative research and the development of safe, effective, and quality vaccines mean that our pets and farm animals continue to benefit from vital medicines that prevent or alleviate clinical signs of disease.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 13: Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

For the past two centuries, vaccines have provided a safe and effective means of preventing several infectious diseases. Although the safety of some vaccines has been questioned in recent years, the currently available vaccines are more than a millionfold safer than the diseases they are designed to prevent. Vaccines, however, should always be used in conjunction with other public health interventions. Not only are some vaccines available via injection but other vaccines are also given orally or intranasally. New vaccines are being studied for topical and intravaginal use. Also, new systems are being developed for more efficient production of vaccines, especially for influenza. Vaccines are currently available for only a limited number of viral and bacterial diseases.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 14: Vaccine Hesitancy and Health Literacy

Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. It affects a person's ability to access and use health care, to interact with providers, and to care for himself/herself and his/her children. In particular, adults with low health literacy skills are – among other obstacles to improving health - less likely to use preventive services.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 15: Virology and Antiviral Drugs

Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents, including, but not limited to, their taxonomy, disease-producing properties, cultivation, and genetics. Virology is often considered a part of microbiology or pathology. During the early years of virology, this discipline was dependent upon advances in the chemical and physical sciences; however, viruses soon became tools for probing basic biochemical processes of cells. Antiviral drugs are medicines that decrease the ability of flu viruses to reproduce. When used as directed, antiviral drugs may help reduce the duration of flu symptoms in otherwise healthy children and adults and may reduce the severity of common flu symptoms.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 16: Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy

Our immune system is a complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that protects us from foreign substances—such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses that can cause infection. In addition to finding and destroying foreign substances, the immune system can also locate and attack abnormal cells.

There are two main parts of the immune system:

• Innate immunity, a defense system we are born with, is the ability of the body to immediately protect itself against foreign organisms and toxins.
• Adaptive immunity is a learned defense system that develops in response to exposure to a specific foreign substance. The adaptive immune system works in one of two ways:

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the body’s natural defenses to fight cancer. It uses substances made by the body or in a laboratory to improve how your immune system works to find and destroy cancer cells Different types of immunotherapy work in different ways. Some immunotherapy treatments help the immune system stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. Others help the immune system destroy cancer cells or stop cancer from spreading to other parts of the body. Immunotherapy treatments can be used alone or combined with other cancer treatments.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 17: Vaccine Adjuvants and Antibody Engineering

Vaccine Adjuvants have been used in human vaccines for almost a century, yet very few adjuvants are licensed for human use. This has been due, in part, to a lack of understanding of their mechanism of action. However, recent insights into the innate immune system and its importance in initiating the adaptive immune response have sparked the rational design and development of the next generation of adjuvants. Several studies have validated one class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) called Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) as vaccine adjuvant targets. Antibody engineering consists of modifying monoclonal antibody (mAb) sequences and/or structures to either enhance or dampen their functions. Monoclonal Abs have revolutionized the fields of diagnosis and immunotherapy for the treatment of a variety of diseases, particularly in cancer therapy.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 18: Animal Models and Biological Research

An animal model is a non-human species used in medical research because it can mimic aspects of a disease found in humans. Animal models are used to obtain information about a disease and its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. By using animals, researchers can carry out experiments that would be impractical or ethically prohibited with humans.  The use of animals for scientific purposes is both a longstanding practice in biological research and medicine and a frequent matter of debate in our societies. The remarkable anatomical and physiological similarities between humans and animals, particularly mammals, have prompted researchers to investigate a large range of mechanisms and assess novel therapies in animal models before applying their discoveries to humans.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Track 19: Biomarkers and Case Reports

Vaccines prevent infectious diseases, but vaccination is not without risk and adverse events are reported although they are more commonly reported for biologicals than for vaccines. Vaccines and biologicals must undergo a rigorous assessment before and after licensure to minimize safety concerns. Potential safety concerns should be identified as early as possible during the development of vaccines and biologicals to minimize investment risk. State-of-the-art tools and methods to identify safety concerns and biomarkers that are predictive of clinical outcomes are indispensable. For vaccines and adjuvant formulations, systems biology approaches, supported by single-cell microfluidics applied to translational studies between preclinical and clinical studies, could improve reactogenicity and safety predictions.

Related Societies:

European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases; European Union Geriatric Medicine Society; European Federation of Immunological Societies; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Royal Society of London; Epidemiological Society of London; Edward Jenner Society;  The Anti-Vaccination Society of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Association of Immunization Managers; Clinical Immunology Society; Japanese Society for Immunology; Singaporean Society for Immunology; Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy

Vaccines Market Global Forecast 2018 to 2023

The market analysis of vaccines is expected to grow from USD 36.45 billion in 2018 to USD 50.42 billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 6.7% from 2018 to 2023. Market growth have been developing due to the high prevalence of infectious diseases, growing support for vaccine R&D, investments to vaccine development and high focus on immunization. Government organizations and health care organizations have increased funding for accelerating the development of advanced infrastructure for vaccine production. The key factor for increasing market growth is a high availability of funding for vaccine R&D because it will ensure the introduction of new, advanced and effective products in the coming years.

European Vaccine Market Size and Growth (2019-2024)

Vaccines market in Europe is estimated at $9.99 Billion in 2019 and is assured to reach $17.83 billion by 2024 with an annual growth rate of 12.28%. Due to more number of Cancer and HIV cases the market rate of vaccine has been increased. World Health Organization(WHO) estimate that the vaccine market value will increase up to almost 17.83 billion in 2023, due to arrival of new therapeutic preventive and adult vaccines.